Psychedelic substances have been utilized by cultures across the globe for thousands of years. Only recently have they begun to shed their counterculture image, now increasingly appreciated for their potential therapeutic benefits. But what makes a drug psychedelic, and what are the different types of psychedelics? This article will explore the varying types of psychedelics, their effects, and their potential medicinal uses.
To begin, it’s crucial to understand that both terms ‘psychedelic’ and ‘hallucinogens‘ are often used interchangeably. A subset of hallucinogens, psychedelics are substances known for their potent mind-altering effects. Psychedelics, also referred to as ‘entheogens‘, can disrupt communication between brain chemical systems throughout the brain and spinal cord, leading to changes in mood, sensory perception, sleep, hunger, body temperature, among others.
Firstly, we have the ‘classic’ psychedelics. This category includes LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide), psilocybin (magic mushrooms), mescaline (peyote), and DMT (dimethyltryptamine). These substances generally work by interacting with serotonin receptors in the brain, the molecules typically associated with feelings of wellbeing, happiness, and euphoria.
LSD, first synthesized in the 1930s, produces effects that can last up to 12 hours. These can include visual hallucinations, magnified emotions, distorted perception of time, and more. Psilocybin, found in over 200 species of mushrooms, elicits similar psychedelic effects in addition to feelings of unity and connection. Mescaline, derived from the peyote cactus, and DMT, naturally occurring in many plants and animals, also share these properties.
Secondly, we have the ‘dissociative’ psychedelics, such as ketamine, PCP, and DXM (dextromethorphan). As the name implies, these drugs create feelings of disconnection or dissociation from reality and the self. However, their effects can vary greatly, ranging from mild perceptual distortion to total detachment, often described as ‘out-of-body’ experiences.
Ketamine, originally invented as an anesthetic, can produce hallucinations and feelings of tranquility, alongside cognitive impacts such as memory loss. Meanwhile, PCP (phencyclidine) has a darker reputation, known for producing intense psychological effects that exacerbate aggression and hallucinations. DXM, a common ingredient in many cough suppressants, can cause similar experiences at high doses.
Lastly, we have the ’empathogen-entactogens’, consisting predominantly of MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), better known as ecstasy or molly. This class of drugs spurs emotional openness, empathy, and an enhanced sense of touch. While not traditionally seen as a psychedelic, the mind-altering effects it produces and the findings of ongoing clinical studies about its potential use in psychotherapy have warranted its inclusion in this category.
Whether used recreationally, for spiritual growth, or in formal therapeutic settings, psychedelic substances continue to captivate our scientific, cultural, and personal curiosity. With growing research, the therapeutic potential of these mind-altering drugs becomes increasingly evident.
It’s essential to remember, though, that these substances aren’t without risks. They can cause psychological distress, disordered thinking, and in some cases, adverse physical reactions. Moreover, their legal status varies globally, with many remaining illegal in numerous jurisdictions. Always take care to fully inform oneself about the potential risks, benefits, and legality of any psychedelic substance before considering their use.
In conclusion, psychedelics, with their vast variety of effects and experiences, are a fascinating realm worth exploring, particularly in the worlds of neuroscience, psychology, and medicine. Around the globe, a renaissance in research heralds a new era of understanding and appreciation for these remarkable substances.